FARSKY TRIAL
FARSKY PLUS

CS and HNBT exposures decreased PMA-induced interleukin-2 (IL-2) secretion and impaired Jurkat proliferation, effects also seen in cells exposed to nicotine. While both CS and HBNT exposures increased cell death, CS led to a higher number of necrotic cells, increased the production of ROS, NO, inflammatory cytokines and MTs when compared to HNBT-exposed cells, and led to a higher expression of MTs in mice.

MT expressions were quantified by immunohistochemistry in the lungs and liver of C57Bl/6 mice exposed to CS, HNBT or air (1 h, twice a day for five days: via inhalation). Levels of metals in the exposure chambers were quantified by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Cell viability, proliferation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, 8-OHdG, MAP-kinases and nuclear factor κB (NFκB) activation and metallothionein expression (MTs) were assessed by flow cytometry nitric oxide (NO) and cytokine levels were measured by Griess reaction and ELISA, respectively. Cells were exposed to air, conventional cigarettes or heatsticks of HNBT for 30 min and were stimulated or not with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). As heat-not-burn tobacco products (HNBT) vaporize lower levels of combustible products, we here compared the effects of cigarette smoke (CS) and HNBT vapor on Jurkat T cells. Robust evidence addresses the immunotoxic effects of combustible tobacco products. (Funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute STICH number, NCT00023595.).Cigarette smoke (CS) affects immune functions, leading to severe outcomes in smokers. The assessment of myocardial viability did not identify patients with a differential survival benefit from CABG, as compared with medical therapy alone. The presence of viable myocardium was associated with a greater likelihood of survival in patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction, but this relationship was not significant after adjustment for other baseline variables. There was no significant interaction between viability status and treatment assignment with respect to mortality (P=0.53).

However, after adjustment for other baseline variables, this association with mortality was not significant (P=0.21). A total of 178 of 487 patients with viable myocardium (37%) and 58 of 114 patients without viable myocardium (51%) died (hazard ratio for death among patients with viable myocardium, 0.64 95% confidence interval, 0.48 to 0.86 P=0.003).

FARSKY PLUS

Of these patients, we randomly assigned 298 to receive medical therapy plus CABG and 303 to receive medical therapy alone.

FARSKY TRIAL

In a substudy of patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction who were enrolled in a randomized trial of medical therapy with or without CABG, we used single-photon-emission computed tomography (SPECT), dobutamine echocardiography, or both to assess myocardial viability on the basis of prespecified thresholds.Īmong the 1212 patients enrolled in the randomized trial, 601 underwent assessment of myocardial viability. However, the efficacy of this approach is uncertain.

The assessment of myocardial viability has been used to identify patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction in whom coronary-artery bypass grafting (CABG) will provide a survival benefit.

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